1. Home
  2. Vol 6, No 2 (2025)
  3. Imamah

International Labor Migration and Its Socioeconomic Consequences for Rural Communities: A Case Study of Pakong District, Indonesia

Sofiatun Imamah, Abd. Hamid

Abstract


This study aims to analyze the driving factors of international labor migration and its impact on the socio-economic conditions of migrant households in Pakong District, Pamekasan Regency. Socio-economic conditions in this study are operationalized through indicators of household income, ownership of productive and consumptive assets, continuity of children's education, and housing quality . The study used a qualitative approach with purposive and snowball sampling techniques , involving 15 informants of international migrant workers in the informal sector working in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia with a minimum work period of one year. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation, then analyzed thematically. The results of the study indicate that migration is driven by structural pressures in the area of origin (limited employment opportunities and low levels of education) as well as economic attractions in the destination country in the form of relatively higher wages and established migrant networks. The positive impacts of migration are reflected in increased household income, improved housing quality, financing children's education, and increased family economic independence . However, migration also has negative impacts in the form of weakened family relations and reduced parental supervision of children . This study makes an empirical contribution by showing that international migration in rural Madura not only functions as a household economic strategy, but also shapes social transformations based on remittances and migrant networks , which have not been widely discussed in previous migration studies.

Keywords


Labor Migration, Socioeconomics, and Rural Communities

References


Andriani, Rani, Budi Kusumo, Gema Wibawa Mukti, and Anne Charina. “Mimbar Agribisnis: Journal of Thought of the Scientific Community with an Agribusiness Perspective Social Network of Women Migrant Workers in Rural Areas” 10, no. 1 (2024): 1543–49.

Awalia, Nita Sokhifatul. “Factors Influencing Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Income Remittances to Families in Kendal Regency.” Economics Development Analysis Journal 3, no. 1 (2014): 100–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v3i1.3518.

Bivand Erdal, Marta, Kacper Szulecki, Davide Bertelli, Anatolie Co?ciug, Angelina Kussy, Gabriella Mikiewicz, and Corina Tulbure. “On the Formation of Content for 'Political Remittances': An Analysis of Polish and Romanian Migrants Comparative Evaluations of 'here' and 'There.'” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48, no. 19 (2022): 4485–4502. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2077707.

Budiono, Tri, and Nugroho Bintoro. "The Effects Of Migration On Income, Health, And Education: A Data Analysis Of The 2018 Indonesia National Social Economic Survey." Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics 10, no. 2 (2022): 1–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2022.010.02.1.

Bygnes, Susanne, and Marta Bivand Erdal. “Liquid Migration, Grounded Lives: Considerations about Future Mobility and Settlement among Polish and Spanish Migrants in Norway.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43, no. 1 (2017): 102–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1211004.

Chand, Satish. “Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research: Interviews, Focus Groups, Observations, and Document Analysis.” Advances in Educational Research and Evaluation 6 (August 4, 2025): 303–17. https://doi.org/10.25082/AERE.2025.01.001.

Clemens, Michael A, Claudio E Montenegro, and Lant Pritchett. “The Place Premium: Bounding the Price Equivalent of Migration Barriers.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 101, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 201–13. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00776.

Dago, Franck, and Simon Barussaud. “Push/Pull Factors, Networks and Student Migration from Côte d' Ivoire to France and Switzerland” 9, no. 1 (2021): 308–16. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3698.

Djafar, Fariastuti. “Labor Market and Returning Migrants in the West Kalimantan-Sarawak Border District.” Indonesian Geography Magazine 38 (September 25, 2024). https://doi.org/10.22146/mgi.94560.

Dwi, Made, Setyadhi Mustika, Sutyastie Soemitro Remi, Mohamad Fahmi, and Maman Setiawan. “Analysis of Educational Migration Decision in Indonesia,” 2022, 226–35.

Efriyanti, Sartika Sari, and Meynar Albina. “Ethics in Educational Research: A Study of Principles, Challenges, and Solutions for Its Implementation.” Jurnal Medika Akademik (JMA) 3, no. 6 (2025): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.62281.

Glorina, Anna, and Sri Sentosa. “Causality Analysis Between Migration, Unemployment, and Poverty in Indonesia.” Journal of Economic and Development Studies 1 (July 9, 2019): 375. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v1i2.6179.

Haas, and Hein De. A Theory of Migration: The Aspirations-Capabilities Framework . Comparative Migration Studies, 2021.

Herdiana, Ike, Myrtati Dyah Artaria, Sayf Muhammad Alaydrus, Mein-woei Suen, Airlangga University, East Java, Political Sciences, Airlangga University, East Java, and Health Science. “Driving Forces of International Labor Migration.” Journal of Biometrics and Population 14, no. April 2024 (2025): 99–113.

Hutasoit, Hotlin. "Exploitation of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Online Gambling Operations in Cambodia" : Case Study of a Group of Migrant Workers” 2, no. 3 (2025): 57–63.

Johnson, Jessica L, Donna Adkins, and Sheila Chauvin. “A Review of the Quality Indicators of Rigor in Qualitative Research.” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 84, no. 1 (January 2020): 7120. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7120.

Julaiha, Hapsari. "The Effect Of Remittances On The Economic Welfare Of Indonesian Migrant Workers' Families In Central Lombok Regency" 13, no. 2 (2025): 1–11.

Junaidi, Agus. “Analysis of Push and Pull Factors Influencing Migration Decisions.” JIEM: Mulawarman Journal of Economics 7, no. 4 (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29264/jiem.v7i4.10543.

Lee, Everett S. “A Theory of Migration” 3, no. 1 (2007): 47–57.

Luthfiyani, Putri Wahidah, and Sri Murhayati. “Strategies for Ensuring Data Validity in Qualitative Research” 8 (2024): 453–1528.

Maulana, Arif. “Association Between Migration, Education, and Re-Employment During the Covid-19 Pandemic in South Kalimantan Province.” Journal of Development Policy 20 (June 5, 2025): 53–64. https://doi.org/10.47441/jkp.v20i1.398.

McKenzie, David, Caroline Theoharides, and Dean Yang. “Distortions in the International Migrant Labor Market: Evidence from Filipino Migration and Wage Responses to Destination Country Economic Shocks.” Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (2014): 49– 75. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/app.6.2.49.

Moleong, Lexy J. Qualitative Research Methodology . Rosda, 2021.

Monanisa, Bambang Bmeby Soebyakto, and Lili Erina. “Analysis of Reasons for Incoming Migration in Muaradua City, South Oku Regency After Regional Expansion.” Journal of Population 1, no. 1 (2011).

Muda, Indra, and Julianto Hutasuhut. “Public Economic Development Through Culinary Tourism at Kamu Market in Denai Lama Village, Labu Beach 1.” JIMK: Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship Science 4, no. 2 (2023): 303–11.

Nasoha, Ahmad Muhamad Mustain, Anita Rini Febriyanti, Khoirun Nisa Mutmainah, Mohammad Ulil Abshor Abdalla, and Rohanifah Fitriana Devi. "Citizenship in Social Review" : Social Integration of Foreign Citizens in Indonesia Foreign Countries in Indonesia. Changes to Regulations Concerning Immigration and Citizenship." TERANG : Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Studies 1, no. 4 (2024): 83–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.62383/terang.v1i3.607.

Niu, Fangqu. “A Push-Pull Model for Inter-City Migration Simulation.” Cities 131 (2022): 104005. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104005.

Novriawati, Erma, and Rus Nasrudin. "Does Migration Network Matter in Driving Internal Migration in Indonesia?" ?” 24, no. October (2023).

Nurtina, Sitti. “Female Labor Migration And Its Contribution To The Family Economy.” Jisiera: Thejournalofislamicstudiesandinternationalrelations 4 (2019): 41–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6790270.

Pritchett, Lant, and Farah Hani. “The Economics of International Wage Differentials and Migration.” Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.353.

Puspitasari, Wahyu. “Factors Influencing Overseas Labor Migration by Province in Indonesia.” Journal of Applied Economics 2 (June 30, 2017). https://doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v2i1.5505.

Puspitasari, Wahyu Indah, and Sri Kusreni. “Factors Influencing Overseas Labor Migration by Province in Indonesia.” Journal of Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (2017): 1–16.

Rahmadana, Muhammad Fitri. Theories on Territory and Migration . Edited by Badrus Sholeh. Banyumas, Central Java: CV. Pena Persada, 2020. https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/51946/1/Book.pdf.

Reza, Md Mohsin, and M. Rezaul Islam. “Silent Struggles for Well-Being : Unraveling the Hidden Plight of Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Malaysia.” Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal , no. December (2025).

Rohmatin, Rina, Maulina Cahya Aprilia, Muhammad Afan, Sely Aprilia, Permata Sari, and Della Ayu Octavia. "Analysis of the Role of Labor Migration in Increasing Household Income" : Nusantara Research Journal.” Nusantara Research Journal 1, no. 12 (2025): 505–9. https://doi.org/Doi : https://doi.org/10.59435/menulis.v1i12.808.

Romdiati, Haning. “Globalization of Migration and the Role of Diaspora: A Literature Review.” Indonesian Journal of Population 10, no. 2 (2015): 89. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v10i2.69.

Santoso, Berliana Maharani, Wahyu Dwi Artaningtyas, Study Program, and Development Economics. “Determinants of International Migration of Indonesian Migrant Workers” 16, no. 1 (2024): 29–38.

Sulistiyo, Putri Asih, and Ekawati Sri Wahyuni. “Female Migrant Workers in Households.” Sodality: Journal of Rural Sociology 06, no. 03 (2012): 252–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v6i3.8020.

Susanto, Joko, Nor Fatimah, and Che Sulaiman. “International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning Economic Prospects and International Labor Migration” 17, no. 8 (2022): 2475–83.

Todaro P, Michael, and Stephen C. Smith. Economic Development . Washington: Pearson, 2022.

Urbanski, Mariusz. “Comparing Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration.” Economies 10, no. 21 (2022): 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/economics10010021.

Wahyuni, and Sihaloho Martua. “The Relation of Economic Remittances and the Life's Level of Indonesian Migrants (Case : Galak Village, Ponorogo Regency, East Java)” 06, no. 02 (2022): 202–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.v6i2.703.

Wau, Taosige, Ahmad Kholid Ubaidillah, Juhariyah, Busman, Zakwan Asrari, Badi'ah, Hasnidar Yuslin, et al. International Economics: A Theoretical and Empirical Study . Yogyakarta: Master of Islamic Economics, UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2021. file:///C:/U sers/Asuz/Downloads/Ekonomi Internasional Sebuah Kajian Teori Dan Empiriris.pdf.

Wibowo, Muhammad Ghafur, Nurhayati Gustina, Zainal Muttaqin, Afdawaiza, Indika Farhatunnada, Harlindah, Mukhamad Yazid Afandi, et al. Acceleration of Indonesia's Economic Development . Yogyakarta: Master of Islamic Economics, UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2021. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/56248/1/Pengaruh Fertility%2c Mortality and Migration on Population Growth in Indonesia.pdf.

Zhu, Tingshu, and Morakot Meyer. “Comparative Migration Studies Article in Press The Temporal Architecture of Labor Migration : Identity, (Il) Legality, and the Local Governance of Myanmar Border Pass Holders IN AR IN.” Comparative Migration Studies , no. Il (2025).


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.28944/masyrif.v6i2.2440

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.